Life Science Adaptations Guided Notes

Adaptations Guided Notes

• How did the tiger get its stripes?
• How did the anteater get such a long tongue?
• Why are there so many cypress trees in the swamp?
• These questions can be answered by understanding ___________________
• Adaptations are traits that help an organism __________________ and reproduce.
• Adaptations explain why polar bears are successful in the cold, icy climates and cacti are successful in the dry, warm climates.

Structural vs. Behavioral Adaptations

• Structural
• _________________ features of an organism
• Ex:  fur on a bear, beak of a bird
• Behavioral
• Things organisms do to ______________________
• Ex:  bird calls, migration

How does an organism “get” an adaptation?

·        An organism does not “get” an adaptation—they are __________________________.

·        Adaptations come from variations in the ________________.

How an adaptation gradually changes a species

• Imagine a bird species.
• A bird is born that has a longer beak than the other birds in the species.
• Longer beak helps bird capture more food.
• Bird is able to live longer and breed more food.
• Bird passes gene for longer beak to offspring and they live longer & have more offspring & gene continues to be inherited.
• Can take thousands of years for the mutation to be found in the entire species.

Biogeography

• The study of where organisms ____________________ is called biogeography.
• Animals living in various biomes must possess characteristics and adaptations to survive the ___________________________________ of the biome.
• Example:  Tundra is very cold and dry therefore animals that live there such as wolves, caribou, and foxes grow _____________________ in the winter to keep warm.

Natural Selection

• Natural Selection is the process by which individuals are ______________________ to their environment are more likely to survive and __________________________ than others of the same species.
• Charles Darwin explained that _________________________ occurs by means of natural selection.
• Darwin studied finches on the Galapagos Islands; he noticed that each species of finch was well suited for its life; finches that ate insects had _______________ beaks; finches that ate seeds had _______________, _______________ beaks.

Physical Science: Energy Guided Notes

What is Energy?  Guided Notes

What is Energy?

• Energy is the power to _________________________.
• Energy is the ________________________________.
• The sun gives out _____________ and __________ energy.
• Light uses electrical energy.
• Batteries for flashlights use ______________________.

2 Kinds of Energy

• One is __________________ and the other is ________________ to do work.
• Kinetic and Potential Energy

Potential Energy

• Energy that is ____________________ to do work may be:
• Sitting above ground level
• Is compressed or _________________ in some way.
• Found in the attraction between atoms.
• This is _________________________.
• Potential Energy is ______________________ which means it has the ability to do work.
• Examples:
• A ________________ when it stretches
• A yo-yo ___________________ you let it fall

Kinetic Energy

• When we see energy doing ______________, it is pushing or pulling, glowing, or _________________________.
• This is _______________________.
• Kinetic Energy is _______________________________.
• Examples:
• A rubber band __________________ through the air.
• A yo-yo in ______________________.

Forms of Energy

Mechanical energy

Thermal energy

Chemical energy

Electrical energy

Light energy

Sound energy

Nuclear energy

Mechanical Energy

• Energy associated with _______________ or position of an object.
• Examples:
• A hammer uses mechanical energy to do work. The mechanical energy of the hammer gives it the ability to apply the force to the nail in order to move the nail.

Thermal Energy

• Total energy of the ______________ in a substance or material.
• When the thermal energy of an object increases, particles move ______________, making the temperature of the object rise.
• Example:
• Ice cream melts when its thermal energy increases.

Chemical Energy

• Potential energy stored in ____________________ bonds.
• Examples:
• Food that you eat
• Match used to light a candle
• Cells of your body

Electrical Energy

• _____________________electrical charges produce electricity.
• Examples:
• Radios
• Light
• Computers
• Static shock

Electromagnetic Energy

• Energy that travels in ____________________.
• Examples:
• Visible light
• Ultraviolet light
• Microwaves

Nuclear Energy

• Energy stored in the ____________ of the atom and is released during nuclear reactions.
• Examples:
• Sun
• Stars
• Nuclear power plant

Potential Energy Converted to Kinetic Energy…

• When stored energy begins to move, the object now transfers from potential energy into __________________ energy.
• Stored potential ___________________ energy in a flashlight’s batteries become __________________ energy when the flashlight is turned on.
• Food is ______________________. It is stored as a chemical with potential energy.  When your body uses that stored energy to do work, it becomes _____________________.
• When you talk on the phone, your voice is _________________ into electrical energy, which passes over wires.  The phone on the other end changes the electrical energy into ________________ through the speaker.
• A television changes electrical energy into _______________________.

Life Science 2/14 Homework

Name                                                                                      Date                                                                       
Bird Beak Buffet

MATERIALS

• Food Resources (candies, nuts, cereals, raisins, seeds, gummy fish)
• Beaks (utensils) clothespin, toothpick, straw, spoon, tweezers,
• Paper plate for feeding dish (1 per group)
• small cup for stomach

OVERVIEW AND PURPOSE

 Bird beaks are multi-functional tools. Birds use them to weave nests, defend their territory, attack competitors, groom feathers, communicate, and most significantly, to gather or capture food.   Over the years, a wide assortment of bird beaks has evolved. Though many birds have straight beaks that are adapted to general feeding, some birds' beaks are examples of unique adaptations.

In this lab you will:

• model different types of bird beaks.
• determine how each beak functions in collecting specific types of food.

PROBLEM

 All animals are adapted to their environment in unique ways. A very important adaptation for food gathering in birds is the size and shape of the beak. In this activity, we will focus on different types of bird beaks and discover how each type of beak functions in collecting specific types of food.   Which type of beak do you think will be successful in collecting each food type?

worms:                                             snails:                                               berries:                             

seeds:                                                 nuts:                                                fruits:                              

HYPOTHESIS

If a bird's beak is large then it will eat (bigger, smaller, or the same size) foods than a smaller beaked bird.

 PROCEDURE

1. Prepare a data table listing the "beaks" (utensils) across the top and the food resources along the side.  Make sure you give your data table a title.

2. Hold your "beak" in one hand and place the other hand behind your back.  When signaled you must compete for as much food resource as you can gather with your "beak" and place it in your "stomach".  Remember your survival depends on your ability to gather food. 

3. Stop! When given the signal.

4. Record the number of food pieces gathered during this feeding.

5. Repeat steps 2-4 with each type of food resource.

WHAT DO YOU THINK?

How was this activity similar to the way real birds gather food and compete for their survival?

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OBSERVE AND ANALYZE

Which beak gathered the most food resources? the least?

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CONCLUDE

How does the size and shape of a bird’s beak affect the food it eats?

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APPLY

How would an individual bird survive if its primary food source was eliminated?

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How would an entire bird population survive if its primary food source was eliminated?

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Physical Science Study Guide Unit 5

Unit 5 Work, Power, and Efficiency Study Guide

Name:__________________                                                              Date:________

1. In science – _________ is the result of a force causing something to move.
2. If the distance is 0m was any work done?
3. You do work on an object that you move? True or False
4. Work =
5. The unit of measurement for work is______
6. Power = Work/_______
7. The more time you take the (more or less) power you use?
8. Which was the most power?

A. You ran up the stairs in 10 seconds.

                  B. You ran up the stairs in 7 seconds.

Which was the most work? 

9. If I lift a 50N barbell 10 times in 2 minutes and you lift a 50 N barbell 10 times in 30s, who did more work?  Used more power?
10. The motor of an electric fan exerts a force of 24,000 N to move a distance of 1m in 60s.  What is the power?
11. If you have two forces acting upon each other at an equal strength, what are the forces said to be? (neutral, balanced, even, strong)
12. How is force illustrated?  Does the length of the arrow indicate anything?
13. What are the six simple machines?
1. ___________
2. ___________
3. ___________
4. ___________
5. ___________
6. ___________
14. A compound machine is a series of _______ ________
15. What can I do to a ramp to decrease the amount of force used?
16. What can I do to a see-saw to increase the downward force to one side? 
17. What is the center of a see-saw called?  What type of simple machine is a see-saw an example of?
18. Which types of simple machines lift?  Move things on the ground?
19. The force you exert on a machine is ______ _______
20. The force the machine exerts is ________ ________
21. How is efficiency expressed?
22. Efficiency =
23. Can you every have an efficiency greater than 100%?  Why or why not?
24. How is friction decreased?  What causes friction?
25. A toy crane moved a 20 N tub from the ground to the top of a ledge 5 m above the ground.  If the crane used 2,000 J of energy, how efficient was the crane?

Life Science Unit 6 Study Guide

Unit 6 Study Guide Ecosystems

Name:___________

1.      ________all of the living and nonliving things that interact in a particular area

2.      Where an organism lives is called? What an organism’s role is?

3.      Living parts of an ecosystem ______.  Non-living parts of an ecosystem______.

4.      A group of one type of species________.  A group of many different populations ______.

5.      List three limiting factors for populations.

·         

·         

·         

6.      The largest population an area can support _______.  How is it calculated?

7.      A close relationship between two species. _________

8.      Three types of symbiosis.

·        Benefits BOTH ___________

·        Benefits ONE hurts NONE _________

·        Benefits ONE hurts ONE __________

9.      What are the three energy roles?  Which makes its own food?

10.  List two classifications of decomposers (Think Kingdoms)

11.  A flow of energy from one organism to the next and the next and so on _______

12.  Overlapping food chains. ________

13.  What indicates how energy moves?

14.   Do arrows point to where the energy comes from or where it goes to?

15.  The process of changing nitrogen gas (in the air) into a usable form is called ______

16.  What does the process described in question 15?  Where?

17.  REFER to HANDOUT for Nitrogen Cycle.

18.  What are the 4 stages of the Water Cycle?

19.  Describe the Carbon Cycle. 4 stages.

20.  A group of ecosystems with similar climates and organisms.________

The following questions describe a biome, name the biome.

21.  Warm, humid, many birds and animals, has a high canopy of trees, vines, orchids, located near the equator.

22.  Evaporation is greater than precipitation, HOT, DRY, cacti, lizards

23.  Rich soil, tall grass, shrubs, little rain, open plains, large herbivores, more rain than deserts

24.  Seasonal trees, maples, oaks, white tailed deer, birds migrate from here

25.  Sometimes called taiga, coniferous trees (cone producing), Cold, frequently at higher altitudes, lots of snow

26.  Extremely cold, dry, permafrost, arctic animals, mosses, grasses, shrubs

27.  Wetlands, ponds, lakes, rivers, streams, algae main producer, catfish, snails

28.  Estuaries, salt water, oceans, larger bodies of water, coral reefs

A Louisiana Swamp Food Pyramid and Food Chain

Put these organisms where they belong in an energy pyramid, label as producer, consumers:  shrimp, pelican, algae, trout

Draw a food chain showing where these organisms would be placed.